Journal of Civil Protection

On the role of generations of heterophase inhibiting and phlegmatizing compositions for fire extinguishing

Mark M. Zhurov — 2024-11-22

Purpose. To study the peculiarities and conditions of appearance of heterophase inhibiting and phlegmatizing compositions generation during fire extinguishing, and to establish the relationship of combustion reaction energy with combustion temperature and dying out temperature.

Methods. Analysis, comparative evaluation of mechanisms of action of inhibiting and phlegmatizing compositions.

Findings. On the basis of the analysis of mechanisms of action of inhibiting and phlegmatizing compositions it is established that the role of generation of heterophase inhibiting and phlegmatizing compositions in fire extinguishing is not studied taking into account the thermal theory of extinguishing and the complete temperature-energy scheme of combustion reaction. Interrelation of combustion reaction energy with combustion temperature and extinguishing temperature is shown. It is proposed to calculate the required intensity of fire extinguishing compositions supply by means of the values of the critical rate of chemical reaction. In case of application of simultaneously inhibiting and phlegmatizing compositions it is proposed to take into account the influence of appearance of their generations on reaching the limiting parameters of fire extinguishing.

Application field of research. Modern approaches to the development of target fire extinguishing compositions. Development of innovative fire extinguishing compositions.

Features of application of polymer composite materials and structures in construction

Vadim A. Kudryashov — 2024-11-22

Purpose. To analyze the available experimental and theoretical studies to determine the fire hazard properties of polymer composite materials and structures, as well as the possibility of their application in construction.

Methods. Review, analysis and comparison of existing results of experimental and theoretical studies on the investigated subject.

Findings. The review was carried out and the main problems of application of polymer composite (fiberglass) materials and structures in the design and construction of buildings and structures were revealed. The results of domestic and foreign experimental and theoretical studies have been considered. The area of application of polymer composite (fiberglass) materials and structures with regard to fire safety requirements of normative documents in the field of construction is determined.

Application field of research. Design and construction of buildings and structures using polymer composite (fiberglass) materials and structures.

Mass-size model of an electric vehicle for practicing skills of elimination of consequences of road accidents

Ivan I. Palevoda — 2024-11-22

Purpose. To create a mass-size model (hereinafter – MSM) on the basis of an existing electric vehicle for practicing the actions of rescue-firefighters to eliminate the consequences of road accidents and fires involving electric-powered cars (hereinafter – electric cars).

Methods. Theoretical analysis, modeling.

Findings. The design requirements for the MSM are described. The MSM simulating the main modules of the most popular electric cars is developed and manufactured. The algorithm of practical exercises for practicing the actions of releasing victims from the cabin of an electric car and fire extinguishing is presented.

Application field of research. The developed MGM can be used in the educational process in the training of specialists under the educational standards of specialties 6-05-1033-01 (1-94 01 01) «Prevention and elimination of emergency situations», as well as in the retraining of managers and specialists with higher education, professional training of workers (employees) in the profession of rescuer-firefighter, organization of advanced training courses on the program «Emergency rescue work in transport».

Influence of the formulation of metal phosphate fire-retardant systems and modifying additives on the resistance of fire-retardant finishing of polyester fabrics to hydrolysis treatment

Valentina V. Bogdanova — 2024-11-22

Purpose. Development of a formulation of metal phosphate flame retardant systems in the form of stable colloid-containing solutions, as well as a study of the effect of modifying additives on the resistance of fire-retardant finishing of polyester fabrics to hydrolysis treatment (washing).

Methods. Sol-gel method for synthesis of metal phosphate flame retardant systems, laboratory and standard methods of fire-retardant finishing, hydrolysis treatment and fire testing of polyester woven samples, transmission electron microscopy, complex thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry – DSC, thermogravimetry – TG).

Findings. The sol-gel method was used to obtain fire retardant systems (FRS) based on metal phosphate acidic concentrated solutions (binders). The synthesis conditions have been determined: the nature and ratios of the main components of Me-phosphate binders (Me – Ca, Sn, Al, Zn or Ba), the concentration of neutralizing agents (NaHCO₃ or NH₃·H₂O) and modifiers (polyacrylamide, colloidal solution of SnCl₂, hexamethylenetetramine, NH₄Cl, urea), and the acidity of the medium, which make it possible to obtain FRS in the form of aggregation-stable solutions. It has been shown that the achievement of a fire-protective effect resistant to hydrolysis treatment is due to the strong fixation of fire retardants based on the Ca-phosphate binder in the presence of selected modifying additives – dispersing and/or mediating (PAA and/or aqueous colloidal solution of SnCl₂) on the fabric. The presence of nanodispersed (10–20 nm) calcium and tin compounds in their solutions promote to better fixation of effective modified FRS. The resistance of the fire-retardant finish to hydrolysis treatment is confirmed by DSC and TG data: for fabric fire-protected with a modified composition (both after hydrolysis treatment and without it), the total heat emission is reduced (up to 1.5 times) with a simultaneous reduction in the total loss of mass of the samples compared to the original polyester material.

Application field of research. The experimental data can be used to impart a hydrolysis-resistant fire-retardant finish to low-density polyester woven materials. The results obtained make it possible to determine the ways of regulating the efficiency of known and new phosphate fire-retardant systems being developed for washing-resistant fire-retardant finishing of polyester fabrics.

Regression model for predicting the effectiveness of flow of film-forming fire extinguishing compositions over the surface of combustible liquid from the ratio of their components

Igor Yu. Ivanov — 2024-11-22

Purpose. Development of a regression model using the full factorial experiment method to study the influence of the mass fraction of components in a solution of an aqueous film-forming fire extinguishing composition on the spreading coefficient of the aqueous film over the surface of a flammable liquid and optimizing the content of the composition components to obtain the maximum flow coefficient.

Methods. The work uses empirical research methods (measurement of surface and interfacial tension of solutions), the method of randomization and full factorial experiment to obtain a regression model, as well as the «Desirability Profiles» module of the STATISTICA software package. The determination of surface and interfacial tension of solutions of surfactants in water systems was made by the method of tearing off Du Nouy rings on an automatic tensiometer KRÜSS - K20.

Findings. The article presents the results of a complete factorial experiment, on the basis of which a regression model was obtained that describes the change in the value of the coefficient of flow of an aqueous film of film-forming fire extinguishing compositions on the surface of a flammable liquid depending on the ratio of their components. During the analysis of the complete factorial experiment, significant and insignificant factors were determined, and a ranking of significant factors was carried out according to the degree of their influence on the coefficient of flow of an aqueous film-forming fire extinguishing composition on the surface of a flammable liquid. The percentage ratio of the composition components was optimized to obtain a flow coefficient equal to 3.3 mN/m.

Application field of research. The obtained results can be used in developing the formulation of film-forming fire extinguishing compositions for extinguishing fires.

Entropy analysis of technogenic emergencies: methodology and practical application

Romina M. Kretsu — 2024-11-22

Purpose. This research aims to develop and test a methodology for entropy analysis to assess and predict technogenic emergencies. The study examines the theoretical foundations of entropy analysis, and identifies a set of key parameters and indicators used in this method. One of the objectives is to conduct a comparative analysis with traditional risk assessment methods and highlight the advantages of the proposed methodology.

Methods. The study employs systems analysis, entropy-based risk assessment, probabilistic-frequency analysis, and modeling and forecasting methods. Entropy analysis, based on the concept of measuring uncertainty and chaos in complex systems, allows for more accurate assessment of the likelihood of emergencies and prediction of their development.

Findings. The research demonstrates that the entropy approach has several advantages over traditional methods, such as greater flexibility and the ability to consider a wide range of risk factors. This method provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of technogenic disasters and significantly enhances the effectiveness of measures for their prevention and mitigation. The article also presents the results of applying the methodology to the case of the accident at Norilsk TPP-3, highlighting its practical significance.

Application field of research. The prediction and prevention of technogenic disasters in various industries, including energy, transport, and industrial production, is an important task that can be solved using the obtained data. This data can be used to optimize risk management, improve the safety and resilience of technogenic systems, as well as to develop standard methodologies and train specialists. The scientific and practical significance of the research lies in the creation of an effective tool for risk assessment and management under conditions of high uncertainty and complexity of modern technogenic systems. The application scope of the results emphasizes the importance of this research for various industries.

Application of HAZOP/HAZID risk analysis methods in fire and industrial safety management system

Maksim S. Zakruta — 2024-11-22

Purpose. To review HAZOP/HAZID risk analysis methods to determine their applicability to fire safety elements at industrial facilities.

Methods. Risk analysis in the safety management system of industrial facilities. System approach to identification of potential hazards and operational problems of the industrial facility.

Findings. HAZOP and HAZID methods are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods, as well as ways of their use in risk assessment and risk management at industrial facilities are considered.

Application field of research. Analysis of consequences of introduction of hazardous factors at early stages of design documentation development. Development of a register of typical hazardous factors and consequences. Detailed analysis of hazardous factors and risks at all stages of the life cycle of an industrial facility.

Assessing the level of development of first aid competencies among managers and employees of agencies and organizations

Ol'ga V. Marshalko — 2024-11-22

Purpose. Study of the level of development of first aid competencies among managers and employees of agencies and organizations.

Methods. Pilot study «Assessment of the level of development of first aid competencies among managers and employees of agencies and organizations» (pilot study) using the sociological method of online survey Computer Assisted WEB Interviewing (CAWI) and subsequent analysis of the results using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).

Findings. The results of the pilot study showed that listeners of the State Educational Establishment «University of Civil Defense of the Ministry for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus», studying under the advanced training program in the field of population and territory protection from natural and man-made emergencies, expressed an active interest in learning first aid methods. Among the obstacles to providing first aid, respondents noted an insufficient level of training in first aid (27.3 %) and fear of improper first aid (25.9 %). Respondents who claimed to know all first aid methods (36.8 %) more often received information by taking specialized courses. Analysis of the level of development of competencies in providing first aid in conditions that pose a threat to human life and (or) health showed that the algorithm for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a problem area even at the theoretical knowledge level.

Application field of research. The results of the pilot study will be used to conduct a full-scale sociological study aimed at improving the principles, approaches, teaching aids and methods of teaching medical protection of the population to listeners of the State Educational Establishment «University of Civil Defense of the Ministry for f Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus».