On bubble generation regimes in a surfactant solution for producing compression foam
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33408/2519-237X.2026.10-2.204Keywords:
surfactant, compression foam, bubbles, barbotage, Reynolds number, Weber number, Froude number, Mach number, capillarity number, Bond number, Morton numberAbstract
Purpose. To investigate the regimes of bubble generation in a surfactant solution for producing compression foam and their geometric characteristics at a submerged orifice. Based on the obtained experimental data, to identify and describe the principal regimes of bubble generation in a surfactant solution for producing compression foam. To determine the characteristic Reynolds, Weber, Froude, Mach, capillarity, Bond and Morton numbers that can be used to assess the bubble generation regimes in a surfactant solution for producing compression foam and their geometric characteristics at a submerged orifice.
Methods. The general methodology of the work involved the use of theoretical (analysis, synthesis, comparison) and experimental research methods. The methods of visualization and photography, digital image processing, and a computational method were applied.
Findings. Three successively alternating modes of bubble generation in a surfactant solution at a submerged orifice were experimentally established: bubble, garland (transitional), and jet. The criteria for these modes were determined: for bubble: Reynolds number – Re < 1000, Weber – We ≤ 15, capillarity – Camax = 0.018, Mach – Mmax = 0.075, and the average gas content – φavmin = 0.769, φavmax = 0.997; for garland: 1000 ≤ Re ≤ 2000, 3 ≤ We ≤ 45, Camax = 0.031, Mmax = 0.129, φavmin = 0.954, φavmax = 0.998; for jet: Re > 2000, We ≥ 80, Camin = 0.029, Mmin = 0.123, φavmin = 0.998. It is shown that even at low air velocities, deformed (elliptical) bubbles are generated in a solution with surfactants as confirmed by the Bond number values Bo > 1 and Geometric characteristics are defined for each mode: for the bubble mode, the equivalent bubble diameter and the interbubble pitch; for the garland mode, the distance between the garland and the bubbles and the garland height; and for the jet mode, the torch height and its opening angle. The jet mode is considered the most effective in terms of gas saturation and bubble dispersion.
Application field of research. Research of the modes of bubble generation in a surfactant solution for obtaining compression foam and their geometric characteristics at a submerged orifice can be used to optimize barbotage processes for fire extinguishing, flotation, food production, and the production of porous materials.
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